Wilderness Babel: Copyright Information
“Wilderness Babel” was created by Marcus Hall and Wilko Graf von Hardenberg (2013) under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. This Version 2 is licensed CC BY 4.0 2020, 2013 The authors and the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. This refers only to the text and does not include image rights. Please click on an image to view its individual rights status. Thumbnails of the following images appear on the exhibition landing page:
A place of salvatge: Montserrat mountain, Catalonia, Spain. Photograph by Luis Fernández, n.d.
A place of salvatge: Montserrat mountain, Catalonia, Spain. Photograph by Luis Fernández, n.d.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
The “Great Northern Wilderness” encompassed vast areas in northeast China, including the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plains. Photograph by W. C. Zhang, n.d.
The “Great Northern Wilderness” encompassed vast areas in northeast China, including the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plains. Photograph by W. C. Zhang, n.d.
© W. C. Zhang.
Used by permission.
The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works.
View from the vicinity of the author’s erämökki in Central Finland. Summer cottage ownership is very common in Finland. Many contemporary Finns seek to reproduce some of the old erä tradition by seeking remote locations for their vacation homes and by improving their summertime diet with wild fish, berries, and mushrooms. Photograph by Mikko Saikku, n.d.
View from the vicinity of the author’s erämökki in Central Finland. Summer cottage ownership is very common in Finland. Many contemporary Finns seek to reproduce some of the old erä tradition by seeking remote locations for their vacation homes and by improving their summertime diet with wild fish, berries, and mushrooms. Photograph by Mikko Saikku, n.d.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Grains Gill, Seathwaite, Lake District, England. Photograph by Bill Adams, n.d.
Grains Gill, Seathwaite, Lake District, England. Photograph by Bill Adams, n.d.
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Aspen grove in a fen. Photograph by Veljo Runnel, 2000.
Aspen grove in a fen. Photograph by Veljo Runnel, 2000.
Click here to view image source. Used by permission.
The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works.
Corregidor Island with Mt Mariveles (Luzon) behind, Manila Bay. Photograph Emily K. Brock, 2013.
Corregidor Island with Mt Mariveles (Luzon) behind, Manila Bay. Photograph Emily K. Brock, 2013.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
A view of the Pyhä-Häkki National Park. The Pyhä-Häkki National Park in Saarijärvi is maybe the southernmost location in Finland to encounter the classic erämaa landscape. Photograph by Mikko Saikku, n.d.
A view of the Pyhä-Häkki National Park. The Pyhä-Häkki National Park in Saarijärvi is maybe the southernmost location in Finland to encounter the classic erämaa landscape. Photograph by Mikko Saikku, n.d.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Detail of the “Carte du Tendre,” 1654.
Detail of the “Carte du Tendre,” 1654.
Courtesy of Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF).
The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works.
Detail of Jacques Lagniet’s “Carte de l’Isle Cayenne,” 1665.
Detail of Jacques Lagniet’s “Carte de l’Isle Cayenne,” 1665.
Courtesy of Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF).
The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works.
View of the Val Cluozza in the Swiss National Park. Photograph by Patrick Kupper, 2007.
View of the Val Cluozza in the Swiss National Park. Photograph by Patrick Kupper, 2007.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
The Negev desert. Photograph by William P. Brown, n.d.
The Negev desert. Photograph by William P. Brown, n.d.
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The Negev desert. Photograph by Livnat Goldberg, n.d.
The Negev desert. Photograph by Livnat Goldberg, n.d.
Photo: Livnat Goldberg.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
A wolf in the woods of the Carpathians. Photograph by Tim Ellis, 2007.
A wolf in the woods of the Carpathians. Photograph by Tim Ellis, 2007.
Accessed via Flickr. Click here to view image source.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic License.
Snæfell mountain. Photograph by Unnur Karlsdóttir, n.d.
Snæfell mountain. Photograph by Unnur Karlsdóttir, n.d.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Mount Fuji as seen in the 1950s. This photo blends ideas of wilderness, spirituality, and man conquering nature. Unknown photographer, n.d.
Mount Fuji as seen in the 1950s. This photo blends ideas of wilderness, spirituality, and man conquering nature. Unknown photographer, n.d.
Mt. Fuji above the Fog, 8 selected photographs to benefit the Japan Orphan Aid Society, c. 1950
Courtesy of Joel Abroad. Accessed via Flickr. Click here to view image source.
Series “8 photographs to benefit the Japan Orphan Aid Society, c. 1950.”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.
The peaks of the Gran Paradiso massif. Photograph by Luigi Piccioni, n.d.
The peaks of the Gran Paradiso massif. Photograph by Luigi Piccioni, n.d.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Landscape of Eastern Oregon. Photograph by Nick Perla, 2010.
Landscape of Eastern Oregon. Photograph by Nick Perla, 2010.
Accessed via Flickr. Click here to view image source.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic License.
Stora Sjöfallet National Park in Northern Sweden. Established in 1909 under Sweden’s first major conservation legislature.
Stora Sjöfallet National Park in Northern Sweden. Established in 1909 under Sweden’s first major conservation legislature.
2007 Alexandre Buisse
Click here to view Wikimedia source.
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Vulcanic Landscape. Sierra Negra Vulcano, Isabela Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Photo: María José Barragán Paladines.
Vulcanic Landscape. Sierra Negra Vulcano, Isabela Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Photo: María José Barragán Paladines.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Global wilderness (in green).
Global wilderness (in green).
© 2018 United Nations Environment.
Dataset derived using the Digital Chart of the World 1993 version and methods based on the Australian National Wilderness Inventory in Lesslie, R. and Maslen, M. National Wilderness Inventory Handbook. 2nd edn., Australian Heritage Commission. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1995.
Download the full dataset (for non-commercial purposes) in the form of an ESRI grid on the UNEP-WCMC website.
The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works.
This version, published in 2020, includes minor updates to the original 2013 virtual exhibition (view PDF here) and applies the Environment & Society Portal’s responsive layout.
How to cite:
Hall, Marcus and Wilko Graf von Hardenberg, eds. “New Wilderness Babel: What does Wilderness Mean in Your Language?” Environment & Society Portal, Virtual Exhibitions 2013, no. 1 [updated 1 June 2020]. Version 2. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society.
ISSN 2198-7696 Environment & Society Portal, Virtual Exhibitions
Wilderness Babel: What Does Wilderness Mean in Your Language?
What does wilderness mean in your language? Listen to words for “wilderness” and learn about their political and historical meanings in different regional contexts. “Wilderness Babel” is a collaboration with the Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies at the University of Zurich, edited by Marcus Hall and Wilko Graf von Hardenberg. Its international contributions are still growing.
This version 2, published in 2020, includes minor updates to the original 2013 virtual exhibition (view PDF here) and applies the Environment & Society Portal’s responsive layout.
Marcus Hall and Wilko Graf von Hardenberg, eds.About the author
