Ben A. Minteer criticises the tendency in environmental ethics to demonstrate a preference for foundationalist approaches in the theoretical justification of environmentalism. He argues for a more contextual, social, and pragmatic approach.

Val Plumwood clarifies her stance on intentionality and the possibility of nonhuman agency, with reference to apparently purposeful machines and to Dennett’s theory of consciousness.

Andrew Vincent examines the economic evaluation of the environment, concluding it is at odds with beliefs based upon objective and intrinsic values.

Carrie L. Hull discusses debates taking place among environmental scientists, providing a brief overview of the history of the formalist tendency in philosophy, and an illustration of the ways in which advocates of a strict laboratory methodology implicitly rely on this foundation.